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Large Language Models in the Loop: A Stability- and Network-Aware Survey in Networked Control, Cyber-Physical, and Multi-Agent Systems

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 15, 2026 · UTC

Modern networked control systems (NCSs), cyber-physical systems (CPSs), and complex multi-agent network systems (CNSs) increasingly rely on large language models (LLMs) for high-level decision-making. However, the slow, stochastic nature of LLMs directly conflicts with the strict stability and safety guarantees required by these physical systems. This survey presents a unified analysis of how LLMs can be admitted into the control loop of NCS, CPS, and CNS without compromising closed-loop guarantees. We organize this around a core principle: the LLM operates as a slow supervisor adjusting high-

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