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HLC-GS: Risk-Map-Guided Height-Layer Consistency Gaussian Splatting for DSM Reconstruction from Optical Satellite Imagery

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 15, 2026 · UTC

A Digital Surface Model (DSM) is a fundamental geospatial data product for representing the elevation of the Earth's surface. Recently, 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has shown considerable potential for DSM reconstruction from multi-view optical satellite imagery due to its explicit scene representation and efficient optimization. However, in 3DGS-based DSM generation, alpha-weighted aggregation of Gaussian altitudes may blend splats from different height layers at the same rendered pixel or DSM sampling location, producing non-physical intermediate elevations and height-layer mixing errors. To

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