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Toward Governance-Aware Autonomous GIS: A Narrative Review of Ethical and Privacy Risks in LLM-Enabled GeoAI

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 14, 2026 · UTC

Geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) powered by large language models (LLMs) is expanding the capacity to query, generate, and interpret spatial information through natural-language interfaces and agentic autonomous GIS workflows. This capability creates governance challenges that general AI ethics discussions do not fully capture, including passive location inference from mobility traces, spatially structured bias amplification driven by spatial autocorrelation and scale effects, hallucinated spatial facts, and uncertainty compounding across multimodal geospatial inputs. This narrative

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