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Over-The-Air Extreme Learning Machines with Nonlinear Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Aug 27, 2026 · UTC

The recently envisioned goal-oriented communications paradigm requires machine learning inference to be performed directly on wirelessly transferred data. This paper presents an eXtremely Large (XL) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system that operates as an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) to execute Over-The-Air (OTA) binary classification. To reduce hardware complexity, the receiver is equipped with cascaded metasurfaces terminating in a single radio-frequency chain. A front metasurface layer applies a fixed nonlinear response to the incoming signal, acting as the ELM's activation functi

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