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CoLa-ICD: A Knowledge-Enhanced Framework for Long-Tail Automated Medical Coding

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Aug 31, 2026 · UTC

Automatic medical coding assigns ICD codes to clinical notes, but it remains challenging due to long documents, imbalanced label distributions, and diverse terms. These challenges are especially severe for rare codes, which have limited training instances and are easily confused with semantically similar labels. We introduce CoLa-ICD, a knowledge-enhanced framework for long-tail prediction. CoLa-ICD enriches ICD labels with external terms, models dependencies among related codes, and learns stronger alignment between label semantics and clinical evidence for long-tail prediction. Experiments s

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