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PLCBench: Can Autonomous LLM Agents Turn PLC Access into Sustained Physical Impact?

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Aug 27, 2026 · UTC

Industrial control systems (ICSs) rely on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to connect networked computation with physical control. Tool-using large language model (LLM) agents represent an emerging attack threat: can an autonomous agent convert a network-reachable PLC into sustained adverse physical impact? However, existing evaluations focus on digital tasks or individual stages of PLC testing. In ICSs, evaluations that stop at software exploitation, an accepted write, or tool access may therefore mischaracterize physical risk. We present PLCBENCH, to our knowledge, the first real-PLC ha

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