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Generator-Independent Runtime Assurance under Partial Observation

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 5, 2026 · UTC

Proposal-based controllers---learned policies, language-model planners, and other black-box \emph{generators}---are increasingly deployed behind runtime verification gates. We ask when the closed-loop safety guarantee decouples from the generator. The prevailing per-candidate certification pattern does not compose: under retry or best-of-$k$ selection a per-candidate false-admission level $α$ can inflate to $1-(1-α)^{k}$. Our main theorem shows that \emph{simultaneous setwise soundness}---certifying a set of admissible proposals containing no nonviable action---is necessary and sufficient for

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