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Not All Duplicates Are Coordination: Generic vs. Non-Generic Duplicate Campaigns in Information Operations

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 12, 2026 · UTC

Duplicate content is widely used to study coordinated behavior in social media information operations (IOs), but not all repetition provides equally meaningful evidence of coordination. Generic, reusable, or low-information posts may create noisy account-account links when projected into coordination graphs. We study this problem using 187,000 English-language tweets from six Russian Twitter Information Operations datasets. We introduce a generic/non-generic distinction for duplicate campaigns, label tweets using an LLM-assisted protocol with independent human validation, and train supervised

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