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Patient-Level, Leakage-Aware Deep Learning for Cross-Center Periapical Radiograph Classification

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 13, 2026 · UTC

Dental caries and endodontic disease are among the most common health conditions worldwide, and intraoral periapical radiographs are central to their detection, treatment planning, and follow-up. Automated tooth-level classification of these images, however, lacks reproducible benchmarks, is often evaluated with image-level splits that leak patients between training and test, and is rarely validated across clinics. This paper presents the first patient-level, leakage-aware classification benchmark for single-tooth intraoral periapical radiographs on the DentIRO dataset, which comprises 5,300 i

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