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A Fairness Audit of the Duckworth-Lewis-Stern Method: Format-Specific and Gender-Differential Bias, with an Interpretable Calibration Layer for Cricket Target Revision

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 4, 2026 · UTC

The Duckworth-Lewis-Stern (DLS) method has been the international standard for revising target scores in rain-interrupted limited-overs cricket since 1999. Despite over two decades of operational use, no large-scale empirical audit of its prediction bias has been published. We conduct such an audit on 8,150 international matches (3,095 ODIs, 5,055 T20Is) from Cricsheet, generating 233,550 synthetic interruption scenarios with temporal splits. We document two structured biases. First, DLS prediction error spans a 137-run range across (overs-remaining, wickets-lost) match-state buckets. Second,

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