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ALIGN-HOLD: Experience Alignment for Real-Time Hold Control in Large-Scale Ride-Hailing Matching at DiDi

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 9, 2026 · UTC

Real-time hold control is a high-leverage mechanism in large-scale ride-hailing systems: by selectively deferring driver-order pairs, the platform can wait for better matching opportunities and improve end-to-end passenger-driver experience. Existing production systems such as EXHOLD learn bandit-based hold policies from handcrafted combinations of trip completion, cancellations, waiting time, and driver effort. However, designing such rewards becomes increasingly difficult as marketplace preferences are heterogeneous and observed passenger-driver behavior can be sparse, noisy, and affected by

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