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Arbitrary Cipher Attacks Against Large Language Models Do Not Require Fine-Tuning

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 9, 2026 · UTC

Large language model safety and security research is preoccupied with, among other things, detecting and preventing jailbreak attacks: alignment bypasses that allow an adversarial user to elicit unwanted or harmful outputs from models. Arbitrary cipher, or covert communication, attacks are one such type of jailbreak and have previously been demonstrated against the fine-tuning APIs of commercial models. In these attacks, target models are trained on a corpus of encrypted harmful questions and responses and subsequently respond to harmful requests through the learned encryption scheme. In this

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