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Novel Ex-vivo Calf Brain Model with Integrated Sub-Skull Force Sensors to Access Simulated Neurosurgical Procedures

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 13, 2026 · UTC

Surgical tissue manipulation demands precision; however, tool-tissue manipulation force magnitudes under realistic conditions are rarely quantified. To address this gap, we proposed and validated a portable ex-vivo force-sensing platform that measures tool-tissue interaction forces across the skull-brain interface during simulated neurosurgery. The system involves fresh calf brain tissue, used as a biological surrogate for brain parenchyma, placed in a 3D-printed human skull model equipped with a 6 degree-of-freedom force/torque sensor and a real-time data acquisition system. Five validation p

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