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SWARM: A Multilingual Human-Annotated Dataset for Russian Propaganda Detection in Search Engine Results

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 11, 2026 · UTC

Russian state propaganda spreads across many languages and online spaces. Yet, most computational work examines only one such space, usually social media, in one or two languages, and analyses sources rather than content. We introduce SWARM (Search-Web documents Annotated for Russian propaganda, Multilingual), a dataset of 2,183 search engine results across nine languages and diverse web domains (e.g., news, blogs, government sites), each annotated by trained coders for whether it supports a recurring Russian propaganda narrative. We benchmark a source-based blocklist, supervised classifiers,

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