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Transformers as In-Context Samplers: From Closed-Form Diffusion to Estimation-Free Sampling

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 8, 2026 · UTC

A growing body of work establishes that large language models are not mere statistical memorizers, but are capable of in-context learning: performing inference at test time using only examples provided in the prompt, without any parameter updates. Prior theoretical work has shown that this capability extends to supervised learning tasks such as linear regression. We prove that in-context learning extends further to \emph{data generation}: frozen transformers can simulate iterative generative samplers from in-context samples. We first show that transformers can realize closed-form and smoothed

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